Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Various researchers emphasize the role of critical thinking in order to distinguish education from indoctrination. Some theorists require that education results in an improvement of the student while others prefer a value-neutral definition of the term. In a slightly different sense, education may also refer, not to the process, but to the product of this process: the mental states and dispositions possessed by educated people. Education originated as the transmission of cultural heritage from one generation to the next. Today, educational goals increasingly encompass new ideas such as the liberation of learners, skills needed for modern society, empathy, and complex vocational skills.
-GK
-Computer
-Skill Sector
-Hindi
-English
-science
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
Memory is primarily of three types тИТ
Cache Memory
Primary Memory/Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows тИТ
Cache memory is faster than main memory.
It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows тИТ
Cache memory has limited capacity.
It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Characteristics of Main Memory
These are semiconductor memories.
It is known as the main memory.
Usually volatile memory.
Data is lost in case power is switched off.
It is the working memory of the computer.
Faster than secondary memories.
A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Characteristics of Secondary Memory
These are magnetic and optical memories.
It is known as the backup memory.
It is a non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
Devices which are used along with a computer to display the result are called output devices. The main output devices are monitor, printer, speaker, headphones and projector.
OUTOUT
Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
Monitors
Graphic Plotter
Printer
Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat-Panel Display
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter тАШeтАЩ in the word help.
A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes – fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.
There are some disadvantages of CRT тИТ
Large in Size
High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics display.
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories тИТ
Emissive Displays тИТ Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
Non-Emissive Displays тИТ Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers тИТ
Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the paper.
Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following тИТ
Very low consumable costs
Very noisy
Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
These printers are of two types тИТ
Character printers
Line printers
Character Printers
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.
These are further divided into two types:
Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)
Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer
In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
Advantages
Inexpensive
Widely Used
Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages
Slow Speed
Poor Quality
Daisy Wheel
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower) which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.
Advantages
More reliable than DMP
Better quality
Fonts of character can be easily changed
Disadvantages
Slower than DMP
Noisy
More expensive than DMP
Line Printers
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.
These are of two types тИТ
Drum Printer
Chain Printer
Drum Printer
This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is divided into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track. Different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Advantages
Very high speed
Disadvantages
Very expensive
Characters fonts cannot be changed
Chain Printer
In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer. A standard character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.
Advantages
Character fonts can easily be changed.
Different languages can be used with the same printer.
Disadvantages
Noisy
Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
These printers are of two types тИТ
Laser Printers
Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
Faster than impact printers
They are not noisy
High quality
Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to be printed on a page.
Advantages
Very high speed
Very high quality output
Good graphics quality
Supports many fonts and different character size
Disadvantages
Expensive
Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing
Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable features.
They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing also.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features тИТ
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
Memory or Storage Unit
Control Unit
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are тИТ
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are тИТ
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
Arithmetic Section
Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.
рд╕реА рдкреА рдпреВ рдХреЗ рдШрдЯрдХ тАУ Components of CPU
Full form of CPU parts
CU (Control unit)
ALU (Arithmetic logical unit)
Memory or Storage unit
CU
CU рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдирд╛рдо Control Unit рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреВрд░реЗ┬ардХрдВрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░┬ард╕рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдо рдХреЛ control рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ unit рд╕реАрдкреАрдпреВ рдХреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг unit рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред
рдЖрдЧреЗ рдЖрдк рдЬрд╛рдиреЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдХреА рдореЗрдореЛрд░реА рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ тАУ What is computer memory? and Types of memory in computer
The scanner uses the pictures and pages of text as input. It scans the picture or a document. The scanned picture or document then converted into a digital format or file and is displayed on the screen as an output. It uses optical character recognition techniques to convert images into digital ones. Some of the common types of scanners are as follows:
It has a glass pane and a moving optical CIS or CCD array. The light illuminates the pane, and then the image is placed on the glass pane. The light moves across the glass pane and scans the document and thus produces its digital copy. You will need a transparency adapter while scanning transparent slides.
ii) Handheld Scanner:
It is a small manual scanning device which is held by hand and is rolled over a flat image that is to be scanned. The drawback in using this device is that the hand should be steady while scanning; otherwise, it may distort the image. One of the commonly used handheld scanners is the barcode scanner which you would have seen in shopping stores.
iii) Sheetfed Scanner:
In this scanner, the document is inserted into the slot provided in the scanner. The main components of this scanner include the sheet-feeder, scanning module, and calibration sheet. The light does not move in this scanner. Instead, the document moves through the scanner. It is suitable for scanning single page documents, not for thick objects like books, magazines, etc.
iv) Drum Scanner:
Drum scanner has a photomultiplier tube (PMT) to scan images. It does not have a charge-coupled device like a flatbed scanner. The photomultiplier tube is extremely sensitive to light. The image is placed on a glass tube, and the light moves across the image, which produces a reflection of the image which is captured by the PMT and processed. These scanners have high resolution and are suitable for detailed scans.
v) Photo Scanner:
It is designed to scan photographs. It has high resolution and color depth, which are required for scanning photographs. Some photo scanners come with in-built software for cleaning and restoring old photographs.
The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to move cursor or pointer across the screen. It is designed to be used on a flat surface and generally has left and right button and a scroll wheel between them. Laptop computers come with a touchpad that works as a mouse. It lets you control the movement of cursor or pointer by moving your finger over the touchpad. Some mouse comes with integrated features such as extra buttons to perform different buttons.
The mouse was invented by Douglas C. Engelbart in 1963. Early mouse had a roller ball integrated as a movement sensor underneath the device. Modern mouse devices come with optical technology that controls cursor movements by a visible or invisible light beam. A mouse is connected to a computer through different ports depending on the type of computer and type of a mouse.
Right Key рдХреНрд▓рд┐рдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдХрдВрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рд╕реНрдХреНрд░реАрди рдкрд░ Sub Menu Open рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ. Right Key рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ Press рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЛ Right Click рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ.
It is a stationary input device that has ball mechanism to move the pointer or cursor on the screen. The ball is half inserted in the device and can be easily rolled with finger, thumb or the palm to move the pointer on the screen. The device has sensor to detect the rotation of ball. It remains stationary; you don’t need to move it on the operating surface. So, it is an ideal device if you have limited desk space as you don’t need to move it like a mouse.
ii) Mechanical Mouse:
It has a system of a ball and several rollers to track its movement. It is a corded type of mouse. A mechanical mouse can be used for high performance. The drawback is that they tend to get dust into the mechanics and thus require regular cleaning.
iii) Optical Mouse:
An optical mouse uses optical electronics to track its movement. It is more reliable than a mechanical mouse and also requires less maintenance. However, its performance is affected by the surface on which it is operated. Plain non-glossy mouse mat should be used for best results. The rough surface may cause problems for the optical recognition system, and the glossy surface may reflect the light wrongly and thus may cause tracking issues.
iv) Cordless or Wireless Mouse:
As the name suggests, this type of mouse lacks cable and uses wireless technology such as IrDA (infrared) or radio (Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) to control the movement of the cursor. It is used to improve the experience of using a mouse. It uses batteries for its power supply.
The┬аkeyboard┬аis a basic input device that is used to enter data into a computer or any other electronic device by pressing keys. It has different sets of keys for letters, numbers, characters, and functions. Keyboards are connected to a computer through┬аUSB┬аor a Bluetooth device for wireless communication.
Types of keyboards: There can be different types of keyboards based on the region and language used. Some of the common types of keyboards are as follows:
i) QWERTY Keyboard:
QWERTY Keyboard:
It is the most commonly used keyboard with computers in modern times. It is named after the first six letters of the top row of buttons and is even popular in countries that do not use Latin-based alphabet. It is so popular that some people think that it is the only type of keyboard to use with computers as an input device.
ii) AZERTY Keyboard:
ii) AZERTY Keyboard:
It is considered the standard French keyboard. It is developed in France as an alternative layout to the QWERTY layout and is mainly used in France and other European countries. Some countries have manufactured their own versions of AZERTY.
Its name is derived from the first six letters that appear on the top left row of the keyboard. The Q and W keys in AZERTY keyboard are interchanged with A and Z keys in QWERTY keyboard. Furthermore, in AZERTY keyboard M key is located to the left of the L key.
AZERTY keyboard differs from QWERTY keyboard not only in the placement of letters but also in many other ways, e.g., it gives emphasis on accents, which is required for writing European languages like French.
iii) DVORAK Keyboard:
iii) DVORAK Keyboard:
This type of keyboard layout was developed to increase the typing speed by reducing the finger movement while typing. The most frequently used letters are kept in a home row to improve typing.
Listing of non-alphanumeric keys
Key/symbol
Explanation
Windows
PC keyboards have a Windows key that looks like a four-pane, wavy window.
Command
Apple Mac computers have a Command with a symbol resembling a cloverleaf.
Menu
PC keyboards also have a Menu key that looks like a cursor pointing to a menu.
Esc
Esc (escape) key.
F1 – F12
What are the F1 through F12 keys?
F13 – F24
Information about the F13 through F24 keyboard keys.
Tab
Tab key.
Caps lock
Caps lock key.
Shift
Shift key.
Ctrl
Control key.
Fn
Function key.
Alt
Alternate key (PC only; Mac users have an Option key).
Spacebar
Spacebar key.
Arrows
Up, down, left, right Arrow keys.
Back Space
Back space (or Backspace) key.
Delete
Delete or Del key.
Enter
Enter key.
Prt Scrn
Print Screen key.
Scroll Lock
Scroll Lock key.
Pause
Pause key.
Break
Break key.
Insert
Insert key.
Home
Home key.
Page up
Page up or pg up key.
Page down
Page down or pg dn key.
End
End key.
Num Lock
Num Lock key.
~
Tilde.
`
Acute, back quote, grave, grave accent, left quote, open quote, or a push.
!
Exclamation mark, exclamation point, or bang.
@
Ampersat, arobase, asperand, at, or at symbol.
#
Octothorpe, number, pound, sharp, or hash.
┬г
Pound Sterling or Pound symbol.
тВм
Euro.
$
Dollar sign or generic currency.
┬в
Cent sign.
┬е
Chinese/Japanese Yuan.
┬з
Micro or section.
%
Percent.
┬░
Degree.
^
Caret or circumflex.
&
Ampersand, epershand, or and symbol.
*
Asterisk, mathematical multiplication symbol, and sometimes called a star.
(
Open or left parenthesis.
)
Close or right parenthesis.
–
Hyphen, minus, or dash.
_
Underscore.
+
Plus.
=
Equal.
{
Open brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket.
}
Close brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket.
[
Open bracket.
]
Closed bracket.
|
Pipe, or, or vertical bar.
\
Backslash or reverse solidus.
/
Forward slash, solidus, virgule, whack, and mathematical division symbol.
Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the output.
Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can say that analogue computers are used where we don’t need exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale.┬аSpeedometer┬аand┬аmercury thermometer┬аare examples of analogue computers.Play Video
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is┬аfast like an analogue┬аcomputer and has memory and┬аaccuracy like digital computers. It can process both continuous and discrete data. It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications.
Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has thousands of interconnected processors.
Supercomputers are particularly used in┬аscientific and engineering applications┬аsuch as weather forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. The first supercomputer was developed by┬аRoger Cray in 1976
Characteristics or applications of supercomputers:
It has the ability to decrypt your password to enhance protection for security reasons.
It produces excellent results in animations.
It is used for virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests.
It can study and understand climate patterns and forecast weather conditions. It can run in NOAA’s system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) that can execute any type of simple and logical data.
It helps in designing the flight simulators for pilots at the beginner level for their training.
It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud system. For example, in insurance companies.
It has played a vital role in managing the online currency world such as stock market and bitcoin.
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high volume of data.
Mainframe computers are designed to┬аsupport hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They can┬аsupport multiple programs┬аat the same time. It means they can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process a high volume of data that requires integer operations such as indexing, comparisons, etc.
Characteristics of Mainframe Computers:
It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second in the banking sector.
It has a very long life. It can run smoothly for up to 50 years after proper installation.
It gives excellent performance with large scale memory management.
It has the ability to share or distribute its workload among other processors and input/output terminals.
IBM Z Series тАУ IBM Z15, IBM Z14, IBM System Z13, IBM System Z10, IBM System Z9 Etc.
Tianhe-1A; NUDT YH Cluster
Jaguar; Cray XT5
Nebulae; Dawning TC3600 Blad
IBM 370, S/390
FujitsuтАЩs ICL VME
HitachiтАЩs Z800
I Series System
3) Miniframe or Minicomputer
Miniframe or Minicomputer
It is a┬аmidsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more processors and can support┬а4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe computers are used in institutes and departments for tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory management. A minicomputer┬аlies between the mainframe and microcomputer┬аas it is smaller than mainframe but larger than a microcomputer.
Characteristics of miniframe or minicomputer:
It is light weight that makes it easy to carry and fit anywhere.
It is less expensive than mainframe computers.
It is very fast compared to its size.
It remains charged for a long time.
It does not require a controlled operational environment.
Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design workstation.
Characteristics of workstation computer:
It is a high-performance computer system designed for a single user for business or professional use.
It has larger storage capacity, better graphics, and more powerful CPU than a personal computer.
It can handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation and editing.
Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a general-purpose computer that is designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers. They are suitable for personal work that may be making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office work.
Characteristics of a microcomputer:
It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.
A limited number of software can be used.
It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at a time.
It is less expansive and easy to use.
It does not require the user to have special skills or training to use it.
First Generation of Computer тАУ рдХрдВрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рдХреА рдкрд╣рд▓реА рдкреАрдврд╝реА
The first generation
The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices in this generation;
Some of the popular first generation computers are;
Second Generation Computers The years 1957-1963 were referred to as the тАЬsecond generation of computersтАЭ at the time. In second-generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are employed as assembly languages and programming languages. Here they advanced from vacuum tubes to transistors. This made the computers smaller, faster and more energy-efficient. And they advanced from binary to assembly languages. For instance, IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and so forth.
second generation
Second Generation of Computer тАУ рдХрдВрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рдХреА рджреВрд╕рд░реА рдкреАрдврд╝реА
Third Generation Computers The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation.
Some of the popular third generation computers are;
IBM-360 series Honeywell-6000 series PDP(Personal Data Processor) IBM-370/168 TDC-316
The invention of the microprocessors brought along the fourth generation of computers. The years 1971-1980 were dominated by fourth generation computers. C, C++ and Java were the programming languages utilized in this generation of computers. For instance, the STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, and Apple II. This was when we started producing computers for home use.
Fifth Generation Computers In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.
Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;
